{"id":30,"date":"2018-01-09T02:28:16","date_gmt":"2018-01-09T02:28:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/portfolio.gdrsd.org\/allisonf2021\/?p=30"},"modified":"2018-01-09T02:28:16","modified_gmt":"2018-01-09T02:28:16","slug":"ecology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/portfolio.gdrsd.org\/allisonf2021\/2018\/01\/09\/ecology\/","title":{"rendered":"Ecology"},"content":{"rendered":"

3.1 What Is Ecology?<\/b><\/p>\n

Questions<\/b> Answers<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
1a. There are many levels at which a scientist can approach ecology. Order the following from most specific to most broad, or \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c5\u201csmallest to largest\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c2\u009d: Biome, Community, Species, Biosphere, Ecosystem, Population<\/span>
\n1b. How does an ecosystem differ from a community?<\/span><\/td>\n		Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere.<\/span><\/p>\n

An Ecosystem is the biotic and abiotic factors, it has a food web. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0A community is just a group of biotic factors, \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0it may not necessarily have a food web.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

2a. The word \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c5\u201cecology\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c2\u009d shares a common root with the word \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c5\u201ceconomics\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c2\u009d. What root word do they both come from, and what does this word mean?<\/span><\/p>\n

2b. What is the \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c5\u201ccurrency\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c2\u009d of ecology when comparing it to the world of economics? <\/span><\/td>\n

They both come from the prefix \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00cb\u0153Eco\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u201e\u00a2. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Eco means environment. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Economics means the environment of money, and ecology means the study of environment.<\/span>
\nThe currency of ecology would be energy and the currency of the economy would be money.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Identify two biotic factors and two abiotic factors found in the New England forest ecosystem and explain how they all relate to, and perhaps depend upon, each other<\/span><\/td>\nTwo biotic factors would be trees and deer. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Two abiotic factors are streams and sunlight. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Trees and deer rely on water to live, and the deer need the sun to grow, and the deer needs leaves to eat. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. Observation, experimentation and modeling are three methods used by ecologists to study the biosphere. Identify an environmental problem you know about. How would you use those three methods to go about researching and solving that problem?<\/span><\/td>\nClimate change-I observe that the average temperature has gradually risen over the course of the human timeline. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0I experiment with a terrarium and give it an atmosphere. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Then you gradually take in CO2 and watch as the heat is trapped in from a heat lamp. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Then I model what will happen to the earth if this keeps up, and what I see is lots of natural disasters and flooding. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span>
\nI would first research if I could possibly desynthesis CO2. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0I realize that it needs to be really hot to do that but I stick with the plan. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Then I research how to get to that temperature. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0So far only lightning can do it. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0So I improvise. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0I think that tesla coils could get to the right temperature. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0I would experiment around with the temperature of the tesla coils, and research a way to reuse the heat energy that is being released<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

3.2 Energy, Producers and Consumers<\/b><\/p>\n

Questions<\/b> Answers<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
1. What is a primary producer? What is the role of primary producers in an ecosystem?<\/span><\/td>\nPrimary producers are the autotrophs of an ecosystem. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0They have the most available energy and are very plentiful. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Their role is to make energy to survive and be eaten by primary consumers.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Compare and contrast photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. Provide an example of an organism that uses each method of energy conversion.<\/span><\/td>\nPhotosynthesis is using light to make energy, and chemisynthesis is using chemicals around them to make energy. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0\u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Deep sea creatures use chemosynthesis while land and water plants close to the surface use photosynthesis.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Define the following terms:<\/span><\/p>\n

Carnivore<\/span><\/p>\n

Herbivore<\/span><\/p>\n

Omnivore<\/span><\/p>\n

Scavenger<\/span><\/td>\n

Carnivore- \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0eats meat only.<\/span><\/p>\n

Herbivore- eats plants only.<\/span><\/p>\n

Omnivore- \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0eats both plants and meat.<\/span><\/p>\n

Scavenger- \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0eats anything to survive.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

4. Describe the challenges with sorting heterotrophs into specific categories. Give an example of an organism (not from the text) that might be challenging to categorize.<\/span><\/td>\nSince Hererotrophs can eat plants and animals depending on what the species is, it may cause problems in sorting. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0For example, the pitcher plant uses photosynthesis, and eats small bugs.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n


\n3.3 Energy Flow In Ecosystems<\/b><\/p>\n

Questions<\/b> Answers<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
1. Compare and contrast a food web and a food chain. What do the arrows represent?<\/span><\/td>\nA food web is all the organisms in an ecosystem, a food chain is one particular flow of food. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0The arrows represent the flow of energy through the organisms.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Explain the importance of decomposers in a food web<\/span><\/td>\nDecomposers break down everything that isn\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u201e\u00a2t alive. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0So when there is a rottin corpse of the apex organism, decomposers will decompose the body. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0They complete the flow of energy from organism to organism. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0They also release the nutrients in the bodies back into the soil.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. <\/span>Think about it<\/b>. In a terrestrial ecosystem, decomposers return nutrients to the soil that plants can use. <\/span>Why don\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u201e\u00a2t food webs show an arrow pointing from decomposers to primary producers?<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nPlants don\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u201e\u00a2t get their nutrients from the decomposers, but the soil. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. Figure 3-10 shows an aquatic ecosystem, and the text explains the importance of krill in this ecosystem. If we shift the focus to another species – the leopard seal – what immediate changes might you expect to see if the leopard seal population were to suddenly drop?<\/span><\/td>\nWhatever the leopard seal eats, would increase exponentially in population, and eventually eat all of the available pray, then die out. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5. There is no limit to the number of trophic levels in an energy pyramid. What is the limit to the number of trophic levels typically seen in an ecosystem?<\/span><\/td>\nFour levels. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6. How do pyramids of biomass and numbers compare to pyramids of energy? What do each represent?<\/span><\/td>\nBiomass pyramids show how much mass a certain species takes up, and the other shows how much energy they use.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

3.4 \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Cycles of Matter<\/b><\/p>\n

Questions<\/b> Answers<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
1. Compare and contrast how energy and matter cycle through ecosystems.<\/span><\/td>\nEnergy can be in the biological process, the chemical and physical process, and human activity. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Matter can be in all of the cycles.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. What are the four processes that biogeochemical cycles depend upon for recycling matter?<\/span><\/td>\nBiological process(eating, breathing), Geological process(volcanoes,earthquakes), Chemical and physical process(water cycle, lightning) and human activity (fossil fuels, farming)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Once water falls from the sky as precipitation, there are two possible ways that it can get to rivers and streams. Explain both processes.<\/span><\/td>\nIt can either fall into a river directly, or it can seep into the ground and become groundwater. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. What are nutrients? <\/span><\/td>\nChemicals that organisms need to stay alive.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5. Carbon basically moves through the environment in two major ways. One involves primarily biological processes, and the other involves primarily geological processes. Explain each. <\/span><\/td>\nIn the biological process, organisms eat each other and gain energy, which comes as carbs, which have carbon. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Then it gets decomposed and gets back into the environment. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0\u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0In the geological process, \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0sediments are turned into rocks, which have carbon in them.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6. Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in our atmosphere (78%!). Despite this, most organisms are unable to use this form of nitrogen. What is nature\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u201e\u00a2s solution to this huge abundance of unusable nitrogen in the atmosphere? What types of organisms are responsible for this solution?<\/span><\/td>\nBacteria use nitrogen fixation to turn the nitrogen into ammonia, which most things can use.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7. What is the major difference between the phosphorus cycle and all other cycles discussed in this section?<\/span><\/td>\nIn the phosphorus cycle, there is a lot less of it than oxygen, nitrogen and carbon. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8a. What is a limiting nutrient?<\/span>
\n8b. It seems like a huge influx of a limiting nutrient would be really helpful for an ecosystem. Why is this problematic for aquatic ecosystems?<\/span><\/td>\n		\n
    \n
  1. A limiting nutrient is what contains a species, since it cannot grow if what they need to survive comes in small amounts<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. In aquatic environments the limiting nutrient is Nitrogen, if there is too much, then there will be tons of algae, and if there are not enough primary consumers, then it can grow out of control.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    4.1 Climate<\/b><\/p>\n

    Questions<\/b> Answers<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    1. Describe the difference between weather and climate. <\/span><\/td>\nWeather is more short term and for smaller area, \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0climate is more long term and more broad.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2. In your own words, explain what the greenhouse effect is. <\/span><\/td>\nIt is when the atmosphere traps heat inside of it and continues to do so. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0It has gotten stronger with the constant emissions of CO2.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    3. Describe the three different climate zones and where on the globe they are located.<\/span><\/td>\nTropical is right around the equator, and it gets the most sunlight. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Temperate is farther away, and it has a medium amount of sunlight. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Polar is the furthest from the sun and gets very little light.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    4. Compare and contrast heat transport in the air and in oceans. Why are these systems important?<\/span><\/td>\nHeat transport in the air is caused by the way heat rises and cool air sinks. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0It is important because it creates wind, which is vital t some plants. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0In the ocean, the top water is blown by winds, and creates currents.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    <\/p>\n

    <\/span><\/p>\n

    4.2. Niches and Community Interactions<\/b><\/p>\n

    Questions<\/b> Answers<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    1a. What is a niche?<\/span>
    \n1b. How does tolerance relate to a species\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u201e\u00a2 niche?<\/span>
    \n1c. What other factors determine the niche of a species?<\/span>
    \n1d. How does the competitive exclusion principle relate to niche?<\/span><\/td>\n    		\n
      \n
    1. A niche is a specific role or job that one organism takes up.<\/span><\/li>\n
    2. Tolerance is related because each organism has a certain tolerance for survival.<\/span><\/li>\n
    3. Colour, where it gets food, how it gets food.<\/span><\/li>\n
    4. If two species occupy the same or very similar niche\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u201e\u00a2s, then one species will end up being less competitive and die out.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2a. What is competition? How do species generally adapt to overcome the challenges of competition?<\/span>
    \n2b. Differentiate between intraspecific competition and interspecific competition. <\/span><\/td>\n    		\n
      \n
    1. Competition is the fight for a natural resource needed to survive. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Species can divide resources by hunting in different areas.<\/span><\/li>\n
    2. Interspecific competition is between two species, intraspecific competition in within a community.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    3. Compare and contrast predation and herbivory<\/span><\/td>\nPredation can directly affect the population of the predator and the prey. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Herbivory can directly influence how and where the plant grow to better survive.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    4. What is a keystone species? Can you give an example?<\/span><\/td>\nA keystone species is a species that can cause dramatic changes, and the whole ecosystem relies on their presence.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    5. Define and give an example of each of the three types of symbiotic relationships. <\/span><\/td>\nMutualistic: when both organisms benefit. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Ex- oxpeckers on a Zebra eat the stuff of their teeth for food, and the Zebra gets cleaned teets.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Parasitism: When one organism benefits, and the other is harmed. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Ex- Leeches on humans. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Leeches get food, humans get their blood sucked.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Commensalism: One organism benefits, the other is unaffected. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Ex- \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0egrets and cattle.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    4.3 Succession<\/b><\/p>\n

    Questions<\/b> Answers<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    1. What is ecological succession?<\/span><\/td>\nEcological succession is a predictable series of changes in an environment.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2a. Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession<\/span>
    \n2b. Explain the importance of pioneer species, particularly in the process of primary succession<\/span><\/td>\n    		\n
      \n
    1. Primary succession is when an area slowly comes back when rock erodes to make new soil for the plants to grown on. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Secondary succession is quicker that primary, because the soil is soil present.<\/span><\/li>\n
    2. Pioneer species are the first species to populate an area. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0They are usually rugged, sturdy and can survive with little nutrients. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0They are important because they help erode rock into soil, and bring nutrients to the soil.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    3a. Legume plants are special because they have little \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c5\u201cnodules\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c2\u009d on their roots that make a home for nitrogen fixing bacteria. <\/span><\/p>\n

    Legume plants are usually the pioneer species in an area in the early stages of primary succession. Why do you think legumes are so much more successful at this than other types of plants? <\/span><\/td>\n

    		\n
      \n
    1. Legumes \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0are more successful because they can survive on very little nutrients, and don\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u201e\u00a2t need much space for roots.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    4. The term <\/span>biological legacy<\/span><\/i> refers to what living organisms leave behind for future generations when they die. How does this relate to succession and why it occurs?<\/span><\/td>\nIt relates to succession because in biological legacy, nutrients are left behind, and it is all part of repopulation. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0In succession, living things want to leave behind good things for the future. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    5. Sometimes climax communities are reproduced after secondary succession, but other times they they are not. Explain why this is true.<\/span><\/td>\nIf nothing new is introduced to a community, the it will probably be the same climax community. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0That is true because there are no new variables to work around. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0But if something had changed, then a different species might dominate.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    4.4 Biomes
    \nQuestions<\/b> Answers<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    1. What factors are considered when classifying a biome? What are the major biomes on Earth?<\/span><\/td>\nThe factors considered are the abiotic and biotic factors. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Tropical rain forest, tropical dry forest, savanna, temperate forest, northwestern coniferous forest, taiga, and tundra.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2. Compare and contrast the climate of tropical rainforests and tropical dry forests<\/span><\/td>\nSimilar: soil is subject to erosion. Not cold. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Different: \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Yearly animal activity. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Leaves in trees. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Basically everything else.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    3. What are the major differences between tropical and temperate grasslands? <\/span><\/td>\nOne gets way more fires(tropical grasslands)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    4a. What is the one thing that all deserts have in common? <\/span><\/p>\n

    4b. What are some major differences that might exist between deserts?<\/span><\/td>\n

    		\n
      \n
    1. A lack of precipitation <\/span><\/li>\n
    2. Temperature, climate, animal life.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    5. Why do you think temperate woodland is far more susceptible to fires than temperate forest?<\/span><\/td>\nThe temperate woodlands have very dry summers, which can make fires easily.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    6. What is the major difference between Northwestern coniferous forest and the boreal forest?<\/span><\/td>\nThe boreal forest has much longer and colder winters.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    7. Name and describe the major characteristic of a tundra. How does this explain the success of producers in this biome?<\/span><\/td>\nA permafrost is a layer of permanently frozen soil that briefly melts and becomes soggy for plants to grow. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0It explains the success because only very strong plans can survive the long, harsh winters.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    5.1 How Populations Grow<\/b><\/p>\n

    Questions<\/b> Answers<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    1. Explain the difference between population density and distribution. Use examples to support your answer.<\/span><\/td>\nPopulation density is how frightful packed together a species is in a unit or area. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Ex: there is a lot of grass in one square foot. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Population distribution is how much space a community needs to live well. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Ex: grass does not need much space to thrive.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2.a Why is understanding a population\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u201e\u00a2s age structure so important? <\/span>
    \n2b. With our local Blandings turtles, only the females are ever tagged and tracked. Why is that?<\/span><\/td>\n    		\n
      \n
    1. Age structure contains the amount of male and females of certain ages. It is important because species can only reproduce after a certain age. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Also, only females can carry the children.<\/span><\/li>\n
    2. Because only they can carry the young.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    3. Identify the four factors that contribute to population growth rate, and give an example of each (NOT from the text)<\/span><\/td>\nBirth Rate; how many humans are born each year in the US.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Death Rate; how many humans die each year in the US.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Immegration; How many humans move to the US per year<\/span><\/p>\n

    Emigration; How many humans leave the US each year.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    4. Compare and contrast logistic and exponential growth. Which is more likely to be seen in nature? Why?<\/span><\/td>\nLogistic growth is more seen in nature because the ideal growing conditions are rarely met naturally. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Logistic growth is the predictable pattern of growth of a species. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0It makes an S curve.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    5a. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Imagine a population of [choose any animal\/plant] that is new to an area. Explain the three major phases that they will go through as the population grows logistically, giving factors from the environment that might contribute to the growth seen in each stage<\/span>
    \n5b. Define carrying capacity<\/span><\/td>\n    		\n
      \n
    1. The firt major phase is exponantial growth. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0This is because there are no new predators to hinder the growth. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Then they will meet the carrying capacity, and the growth will slow and even out. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Then the growth will decline after some time.<\/span><\/li>\n
    2. The carrying capacity is the maximum amount of a certain species that an ecosystem can hold. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0It is not an exact number, but a rough area.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      <\/p>\n

      <\/span><\/p>\n

      5.2 Limits to Growth<\/b><\/p>\n

      Questions<\/b> Answers<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      1. What is the role of any limiting factor in an ecosystem? <\/span><\/td>\nIt controls the population of a species.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      2a. What are the major density-dependent limiting factors discussed in the reading?<\/span>
      \n2b. Think about the term \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c5\u201cdensity-dependent\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c2\u009d. Why is this term used to describe these particular factors?<\/span><\/td>\n      		\n
        \n
      1. competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, stress.<\/span><\/li>\n
      2. The term is used because the more dense a population is, the more likely these things are to happen. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0As in, the probability of these things happening depends on the density.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      3. It\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u201e\u00a2s a common misconception that people get sick from being cold, but the truth is that we are just <\/span>more likely<\/span><\/i> to catch a cold virus in the fall or winter. Why do you think that might be?<\/span><\/td>\nIn the fall and winter, students go back to school, and are more exposed to the germs that give you a cold.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      4. What is a density-independent factor? Give a specific example.<\/span><\/td>\nNatural disasters. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0If an earthquake strikes the San Francisco area again, the density of a species will not matter in how it destroys an area\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u201e\u00a2s population.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      5. <\/span>Think about it<\/b> Which types of factors – density dependent or independent – do you think play a more consistent role in determining carrying capacity? Explain your answer. <\/span><\/td>\nDensity dependant play a more consistent role in controlling the population. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0This is because the independent factors are more common in an environment.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n


      \n5.3 Human Population Growth<\/b><\/p>\n

      Questions<\/b> Answers<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      1a. What factors during the Industrial Revolution led to an exponential growth in the human population?<\/span>
      \n1b. How would you describe the growth and growth rate of the human population today?<\/span><\/p>\n

      Note: it is important to distinguish between <\/span><\/i>growth<\/i><\/b> and <\/span><\/i>growth rate<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n

      		\n
        \n
      1. Reliable food sources became more easy to access, and medicine became better and more common.<\/span><\/li>\n
      2. Our rate of growth is slowing, our growth is less populous.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      2. What factors are considered by scientists that study demography?<\/span><\/td>\nThe birth rate, the death rate, and the age structure of different societies.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      3a. Describe in your own words what the demographic transition is, and how it contributes to a country\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u201e\u00a2s growth rate.<\/span>
      \n3b. Focus on \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c5\u201cStage II\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c2\u009d of the demographic transition. What social factors might lead to a population having a decreased death rate, but high birth rates (thus exponential growth)?<\/span>
      \n3c. The United States is currently in stage III, where the birth rate has finally fallen to meet the death rate. What social factors do you think have led to this?<\/span><\/td>\n      		\n
        \n
      1. It is the transition from high birth rates and death rates to low birth and death rates. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0The growth rates slows considerably when the transition is complete.<\/span><\/li>\n
      2. Better medicine and safer environments to live in. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
      3. People realizing they don\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u201e\u00a2t all need to have children. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      4. Why is it that the age structure diagram for the United States does not indicate an increased growth rate in the future, but the diagram for Guatemala does? What are the key differences between these two age structures?<\/span><\/td>\nPeople in Guatemala have been having more children with lower death rates so the population will increase. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0In the US less people have had children with low death rates so the population will smooth out.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      5. How is the world population predicted to grow in the next 50 years or so?<\/span><\/td>\nThe growth rate will slow down, but we still be growing.<\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      <\/p>\n

      <\/span><\/p>\n

      6.1 A Changing Landscape<\/b><\/p>\n

      Questions<\/b> Answers<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      1. Name three human behaviors that dramatically changed the native ecosystem of Hawaii<\/span><\/td>\n\n
        \n
      1. Trees were cut to farm.<\/span><\/li>\n
      2. Introduced non-native plants<\/span><\/li>\n
      3. introduced non–native animals.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      2a. What is <\/span>monoculture<\/span><\/i>?<\/span>
      \n2b. Name one advantage and one disadvantage to monoculture<\/span><\/td>\n      		\n
        \n
      1. Monoculture is the planting of the same crop every season.<\/span><\/li>\n
      2. One advantage is that it is easy to tend to and plant. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0A disadvantage is that nutrients can decrease and fertilizers are bad for the environment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      3. Explain why drinking water is a service that can either be provided by the ecosystem or society. <\/span><\/td>\nIf the water in the environment is being naturally filtered, then it can be provided by the ecosystem. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0However if it is a urban area, or the water is not safe, it must be manually filtered and serves to the people.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      4. Compare and contrast renewable and nonrenewable resources. Be sure to give an example of each.<\/span><\/td>\nA renewable source is wind. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0It can be replenished easily without hurting the environment. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0A nonrenewable resource is fossil fuels. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0It will take a very long time for them to be replenished, and they are harmful to the environment.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      5a. Why is sustainable development so important?<\/span>
      \n5b. There are many applications of sustainable development in our society. Name the one that you think is MOST important. Why?<\/span><\/td>\n      		\n
        \n
      1. Sustainable development is very important because it provides a clean way to power an area. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0It also allows us to use renewable resources.<\/span><\/li>\n
      2. Solar power is the most relevant to me since a new plant was installed down the street from me. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0It is also pretty important because It can go right on a roof and power the whole house easily.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        <\/p>\n

        <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        6.2 Using Resources Wisely<\/b><\/p>\n

        Questions<\/b> Answers<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        1a. Why is healthy soil so important?<\/span>
        \n1b. What, specifically, caused the dustbowl of the 1930s? Be sure to include \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c5\u201cerosion\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c2\u009d and \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c5\u201cdesertification\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c2\u009d in your answer. <\/span><\/td>\n        		\n
          \n
        1. Healthy soil is important because it supports farming and forests. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Both are important to human life.<\/span><\/li>\n
        2. People were farming badly and lots of desertification happened to the nearby forests. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Rocks eroded and that let the wind carry dust. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        2. How does deforestation affect soil quality? What are some ways to practice forestry in a sustainable way?<\/span><\/td>\nMinerals and nutrients can be carried away by wind or rain. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0A sustainable way would be to leave the roots from last years crops in the soil in order to keep it in place.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        3. What are the three primary sources of water pollution? Briefly explain each<\/span><\/td>\nIndustrial and agricultural chemicals are one primary source. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0They are chemicals that are used by humans and can leak into a water system. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Either through a massive leak or by runoff into a nearby water source. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Residential sewage is another primary source. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0If sewage gets into a water source, it can deprive an area of oxygen by giving algae massive amount of phosphorus and nitrogen. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Thee will develope into dead zones. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Nonpoint source is the last primary source. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0These come from small things like cars.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Energy and pollutants both move up trophic levels in a similar way. However, there is a major difference in how the bottom trophic level compares to the top in terms of amount of energy versus amount of pollutant concentration.<\/span><\/p>\n

        4a. Explain how biomagnification is different from energy transfer <\/span>
        \n4b. Why do pollutants accumulate? <\/span><\/p>\n

        Biomagnification is a SUPER important concept. Be sure to read that section and answer this question thoroughly!<\/b><\/td>\n

        		\n
          \n
        1. When you go up in energy transfer, the percentage of what you get goes down by 10%. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0In biomagnification, what you get goes up by 10%.<\/span><\/li>\n
        2. Pollutants accumulate because pollutants are not digested or removed from the body. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0They build up in skin tissue. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0When an organism eats another, they get all the pollutant that they had been building up, in addition to their own build up of the pollutant.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        5. Explain one sustainable water practice.<\/span><\/td>\nProtecting the watersheds and the water cycle. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0If you take the entire watershed into consideration, you could clean one area and watch as that cleans all of the water. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Or you could not destroy the natural cleaners of the watershed. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        6a. Briefly explain each of the four common forms of air pollution<\/span>
        \n6b. How does acid rain form? Why is it problematic?<\/span>
        \n6c. The next time you are at a gas station, check out the pumps. They all say \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c5\u201cunleaded\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c2\u009d. Why isn\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u201e\u00a2t there a \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c5\u201cleaded\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c2\u009d option? <\/span><\/td>\n        		\n
          \n
        1. Smog: \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0smog is the result of chemical reactions from the results of production and car exhaust. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Acid Rain: acid rain is formed when factories release nitrogen and sulfur compounds. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0They mix with water vapour and form Nitric acid and Sulfuric acid. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

          Greenhouse Gases: These are released into the atmosphere as a byproduct of chemical reactions. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0They can include Carbon Dioxide and Methane.<\/span><\/p>\n

          Particulates: Microscopic particle of ash and dust can be released as a product of Diesel engines and industrial processes.<\/span><\/p>\n

            \n
          1. acid rain is formed when factories release nitrogen and sulfur compounds. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0They mix with water vapour and form Nitric acid and Sulfuric acid. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0They are problematic because they can damage plants, and change the makeup of the water and soil.<\/span><\/li>\n
          2. There is no \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00cb\u0153Leaded\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u201e\u00a2 version of gasoline because the lead will come out of the exhaust and runoff into nearby water.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        <\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        6.3 Biodiversity<\/b><\/p>\n

        Questions<\/b> Answers<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        1. What is biodiversity?<\/span><\/td>\nBiodiversity is how diverse an ecosystem is. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        2. Differentiate between ecosystem species and genetic diversity and explain why each is important.<\/span><\/td>\nAn ecosystem diversity \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0is the different habitats communities and processes in the biosphere. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Genetic diversity is the diversity of the different genes in an animal. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0The more different the better.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        3. What is habitat fragmentation? Why does this threaten biodiversity?<\/span><\/td>\nHabitat Fragmentation is when something comes in and separates a habitat. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Now they are habitat islands, and fewer creatures can live in the space given.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        4. The text discusses leafy spurge and DDT as examples of introduced (invasive) species and pollution. Do a quick Google search to identify:<\/span><\/p>\n
          \n
        1. One invasive species in the New England forest ecosystem<\/span><\/li>\n
        2. One example of a pollutant that has cause problems in the United States (other than DDT)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
          \n
        1. The Asian Longhorned Beetle is invasive to New England.<\/span><\/li>\n
        2. Acetaldahyde<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        5. Describe the threat to biodiversity posed by climate change <\/span><\/td>\nSpecies can only adapt to what is within a certain range of ability, and climate change is moving so fast that species will not be able to keep up.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        6. What is an ecological hot spot? What are the specific requirements of an ecosystem to be identified as an ecological hot spot?<\/span><\/td>\nAn ecological hot spot is an area where significant numbers of species are in danger of extinction. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0The specific requirements are that the area must include 1500 native vascular plants,have 70% of its original habitat.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        <\/p>\n

        <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        3.1 What Is Ecology? Questions Answers 1a. There are many levels at which a scientist can approach ecology. Order the following from most specific to most broad, or \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c5\u201csmallest to largest\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c2\u009d: Biome, Community, Species, Biosphere, Ecosystem, Population 1b. How does an ecosystem differ from a community? Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere. An Ecosystem is … Continue reading Ecology<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":542,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[10],"class_list":["post-30","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mchugh","tag-guided-reading"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/portfolio.gdrsd.org\/allisonf2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/portfolio.gdrsd.org\/allisonf2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/portfolio.gdrsd.org\/allisonf2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/portfolio.gdrsd.org\/allisonf2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/542"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/portfolio.gdrsd.org\/allisonf2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/portfolio.gdrsd.org\/allisonf2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31,"href":"http:\/\/portfolio.gdrsd.org\/allisonf2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30\/revisions\/31"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/portfolio.gdrsd.org\/allisonf2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/portfolio.gdrsd.org\/allisonf2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/portfolio.gdrsd.org\/allisonf2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}